Issue No. 1447- If a person who is fasting, travels after ẓuhr he should complete his fast, but if he travels before ẓuhr his fast is void. However, he cannot break his fast before reaching the limit of tarakhuṣ, and if he terminates his fast, it will be obligatory on him to offer kaffāra. (The limit of tarakhuṣ is a point where the adhān of the city cannot be heard, or where one cannot be seen by the residents of the city).
Issue No. 1448- If a traveller reaches his hometown or a place where he intends to stay for ten days before ẓuhr, while he has not committed an act which invalidates fast, he should observe fast on that day. But if he has committed such an act, he should observe the qaḍā of that day later, and it is recommended to refrain from all invalidators for the rest of the day. However, if he arrives in the afternoon, he cannot observe fast on that day.
Issue No. 1449- It is makrūh for a traveller and for a person who is excused from fasting, to eat or drink to his fill or have sexual intercourse during the daytime in Ramadan.
Issue No. 1450- The elderly can leave fasting if it is hard for them to observe fast. However, they should give one mudd (750 grams) of wheat, barley, etc., to an indigent for every fast. It would be better to give bread instead of wheat or barley. In this case, the obligatory precaution is that the net weight of the wheat of the bread be equal to one mudd.
Issue No. 1451- If those who have not been able to observe fast because of old age, can observe the qaḍā of the fasts in a suitable season when the weather is mild and the days are short, they should observe their qaḍā as an obligatory precaution.
Issue No. 1452- Fasting is not obligatory on those who suffer from polydipsia meaning excessive thirst in a way that they are not able or it is extremely difficult to observe fast. But they should give one mudd of food as kaffāra to an indigent person for every fast, as was mentioned in the previous issue. In addition, it is better that they avoid drinking more than the quantity of water which is necessary for them, and later when they are capable of fasting, they should, on the basis of obligatory precaution, perform the qaḍā fasts.
Issue No. 1453- Fasting is not obligatory on women if fasting is injurious to their child in the womb. But they should give the kaffāra as explained in the previous issue and also perform the qaḍā fasts later. However, fasting is not obligatory on them if it is harmful to their own selves and there is no kaffāra either, and later they should observe the qaḍā only.
Issue No. 1457- The first of a month will not be proved by calendars or the calculations made by the astronomers, though they may be knowledgeable and accurate, unless one becomes certain due to their words. Similarly, if the moon is appearing higher than usual, or sets later than usual, it may not be regarded that the previous night was the first night of the month.
Issue No. 1458- If the first day of a month is proved in a city, it will be sufficient for other cities which are near it. Similarly, it will be proven for the distant cities that are united in their horizon (i.e. cities which share the same longitude).
Issue No. 1459- If the first day of the month of Ramadan is not proved, it is not obligatory to observe fast. However, if it is proved later that the day on which he did not observe fast was, in fact, the first of the month, he should perform qaḍā of that day.
Issue No. 1460- If a person does not know whether it is the last day of the month of Ramadan or the first day of Shawwal, he should observe fast on that day, and if he comes to know during the day that it is the first of Shawwal, he should terminate the fast, though it may be close to maghrib.
Issue No. 1461- If a prisoner cannot ascertain the commence of the month of Ramadan, he should act according to his presumption, and fast in the month which is more likely to be the month of Ramadan. But if he can not presume any month to be the month of Ramadan, it will be in order if he observes fast on any month. However, if his imprisonment continues, he should as an obligatory precaution, observe fast in the same month next year.
