The Creed of Compassion-Islamic Teachings & Answering Doctrinal Misconceptions

Issue No. 2018- It is in order to lend a sheep for its milk and wool, and it is also permissible to lend other animals for their lawful benefits.

Issue No. 2021- If it transpires later that the item borrowed is usurped, he should return it to its rightful owner, and if he does not know its owner, he should follow the rules for the properties whose owner is unknown. In any case, he is not allowed to give it to the lender.

Issue No. 2022- If a person borrows something about which he knows that it has been usurped, and it is lost or damaged while in his possession, the rightful owner can demand compensation for that property, and if he does not have access to him, he should demand compensation from the person who usurped it. The borrower should also pay for the benefits which he has derived from it. In case the borrower did not know that the property was usurped, and if the rightful owner receives from the borrower compensation for damage or lost property or for the benefits derived from it, the borrower can demand what he has paid to the rightful owner from the lender who had usurped the property, provided that the lender had not stipulated that if the property was lost or damaged, the borrower would be responsible, and that the borrowed item should not have been made of gold or silver.

Issue No. 2023- Marriage is one of the recommended acts, however, if one fears that he might fall into haram by not getting married, then marriage will become obligatory upon him.

Issue No. 2024- The relation between a man and a woman becomes lawful (halal) by contracting marriage. There are two kinds of marriage:(i) Permanent marriage. In a permanent marriage, the period of matrimony is not fixed and it is forever. The woman with whom such a marriage is concluded is called “dā’imah” (permanent wife).(ii) Temporary marriage, which is a fixed-time marriage. In a fixed time marriage, the period of matrimony is fixed; the duration can be short or long. This sort of fixed time marriage is called Mut‘ah.

Issue No. 2025- The formula of marriage must be pronounced, be the marriage permanent or temporary; mere tacit approval and consent is not sufficient. The formula of the marriage contract is pronounced either by the man and the woman themselves, or by a person who is appointed by them as their representatives to recite it on their behalf.

Issue No. 2026- There is no problem in a man representing a woman or a woman representing a man to pronounce the marriage formula.

Issue No. 2027- As long as the woman and the man are not certain that their representative has pronounced the formula, they will not become halal to each other. However, if the representative is a trustworthy person and says that he has recited the formula, it will be sufficient.

Issue No. 2028- If a woman appoints a person as her representative so that he may contract her marriage with a man for ten days or two months for example, but does not specify its beginning, the representative should set its beginning from the day and the hour he contracts her marriage.

Issue No. 2029- The recommended precaution is that a person should not represent both sides in reciting the formula for marriage. Therefore, it is better that there be two persons to represent each side in reciting the marriage formula, and also the recommended precaution is that a man should not himself become the representative of a woman with whom he contracts permanent or temporary marriage.

Issue No. 2030- If a woman and a man themselves want to recite the formula of permanent marriage, the woman should say: “زَوَّجْتُکَ نَفْسِي عَلَي الصَّداقِ الْمَعْلُومِ”“Zawwajtuka Nafsī ‘Ala Ṣidāqil Ma‘lūm”(I have made myself your wife on the agreed mahr)And then the man should respond thus: “قَبِلْتُ التَّزْويجَ”“Qabiltu Tazwīj”(I have accepted the marriage)And if they appoint other person to act as their representative for pronouncing the formula of marriage, it is sufficient if the representative of the woman says:“زَوَّجْتُ مُوَکِّلَتي مُوَکِّلَکَ عَلَي الصَّداقِ الْمَعْلُومِ”“Zawwajtu Muwakkilatī Muwakkiluka ʿAla Ṣidāqil Maʿlūm”(I have given my client to yours client in marriage on the agreed mahr)And thereafter the representative of the man should immediately respond thus: “قَبِلْتُ لِمُوَکِّلي هَکَذا”“Qabiltu Li Muwakkilī Hākadhā”(I have accepted the same on behalf of my client).

Issue No. 2031- It is permissible for a man and a woman to recite the formula of the fixed time marriage (Mut‘ah) after settling the period of marriage and the amount of dowry. Hence, the woman should say: “زَوَّجْتُکَ نَفْسِي فِي الْمُدَّةِ الْمَعْلُومَةِ عَلَي الْمَهْرِ الْمَعْلُومِ”“Zawwajtuka Nafsī Fil Muddatil Ma‘lūma ‘Alal Mahril Ma‘lūm”(I have made myself your wife for the agreed period and the agreed mahr)and then the man immediately responds thus: “قَبِلْتُ”“Qabiltu”(I have accepted)Or if the representative of the woman says:“مَتَّعْتُ مُوَکِّلَتِي مُوَکِّلَکَ فِي الْمُدَّةِ الْمَعْلُومَةِ عَلَي الْمَهْرِ الْمَعْلُومِ”“Matta‘tu Muwakkilatī Muwakkilaka Fil Muddatil Ma‘lūmati ‘Alal Mahril Ma‘lūm”(I have given my client to your client in marriage for the agreed period and the agreed mahr)and thereafter the representative of the man should immediately respond thus: “قَبِلْتُ لِمُوَکِّلِي هَکَذا”“Qabiltu Li Muwakkilī Hākadhā”(I have accepted the same on behalf of my client).