The Creed of Compassion-Islamic Teachings & Answering Doctrinal Misconceptions

Issue No. 1433- If a person does not fast in the month of Ramadan due to illness and his illness continues till the next Ramadan, it is not obligatory on him to observe qaḍā of the fasts which he had not observed, but for each fast he should give one mudd (750 grams) of wheat, barley, etc., to an indigent person. However, if he did not observe fast owing to some other excuse, like travelling, and his excuse continued till the next Ramadan, the obligatory precaution is that he should observe the unperformed fasts after Ramadan and for each day he should give one mudd of food to an indigent person. The same ruling applies if a person did not observe fast due to illness and later his illness ended, but another excuse takes place, such as travelling.

Issue No. 1434- If a person does not fast in the month of Ramadan owing to some excuse, and he does not observe the qaḍā fasts intentionally till next Ramadan, he has to perform qaḍā of the fasts and should also give one mudd of food to an indigent person for each fast as kaffāra. Similarly, if a person comes short in performing qaḍā fasts till the time becomes short and during the shortage of time an excuse occurs, he has to perform qaḍā and one mudd of food to an indigent person for each day as kaffāra. However, if he did not come short in performing the qaḍā fasts, in case the time is short, an excuse occurs accidentally, he should perform qaḍā only.

Issue No. 1435- If the illness of a person continues for a number of years and when he recovers if there is time left for qaḍā till the coming month of Ramadan, he should perform only the qaḍā fasts of the last Ramadan, and for each day of the earlier years he should give one mudd of food to an indigent person.

Issue No. 1436- If a person delays performing qaḍā fasts of the month of Ramadan for some years, he should perform qaḍā and give one mudd of food to an indigent person for each day as kaffāra. However, the kaffāra does not multiply or increase by years passing.

Issue No. 1437- It is not necessary to give the kaffāra of each day to an indigent person, rather it is allowed to give the kaffāra of several days to one indigent person. In addition, it will be sufficient if one gives bread whose wheat is equal to one mudd, but he cannot give money instead of food unless he is sure that money will be spent for buying bread.

Issue No. 1454- A woman which is suckling a child; whether she is the mother or a wet nurse; If fasting causes reducing her milk and then causes harm or discomfort to the child, it will not be obligatory on her to observe fast but she should give one mudd of food for every fast to an indigent person, and she should also perform the qaḍā of the fasts later. However, if fasting is harmful to her own self, neither the fast nor the kaffāra will be obligatory on her. Nevertheless, she should later perform the fasts which she failed to observe as qaḍā.

Issue No.1811- The right to cancel a transaction is called "right of rescission". The seller and the buyer have the right of rescission in the following eleven cases: 1) The right of rescission in the seating of the transaction (khīyār al-majlis): While the parties to the transaction are not separated from the gathering in which the transaction was conducted they may cancel the transaction.2) The right of rescission due to cheating (khīyār al-ghabn): If either the seller or the buyer is cheated.3) Stipulation of the right of rescission (khīyār al-sharṭ): If it is agreed that up to a stipulated time, one or both the parties will be entitled to terminate the transaction.4) The right of rescission due to subreption (khīyār al-tadlīs): If either the seller or the buyer cheats and presents his commodity as better than it actually is. 5) The right of rescission due to the breach of contract (khīyār takhalluf al-sharṭ): when either the seller or the buyer stipulates that one would perform a certain job for the other party or to supply a commodity of a particular quality to the other and he violates the provision.6) The right of rescission due to defect (khīyār al-‘ayb): If one of the two commodities or both are defective, and it was not known before.7) The right of rescission due to the commodity being shared (khīyār taba‘uḍ al-ṣafqah): If it transpires that a quantity of the commodity which has been sold belongs to a third person in case the owner of that portion refuses consent for selling it, the buyer may terminate the transaction, or accept the transaction and ask the seller to refund the money of that part to him.8) The right of rescission due to seeing the commodity (khīyār al-ru’yah): If a specific commodity has not been seen by the other party and the owner of that commodity mentions its qualities, but it transpires later that the commodity is not as described, the buyer or may rescind the deal. The same ruling applies to the substitute of the commodity.9) The right of rescission due to deferment (khīyār al-ta’khīr): If the buyer does not pay for the commodity that he has bought by cash for three days, while the seller has not yet handed it over to him, the seller may cancel the transaction, unless the buyer had stipulated for deferred payment until a specific time. In case however, the commodity sold is perishable, like some fruits and vegetables, which would perish or deteriorate if left for one day, the seller can cancel the transaction if the buyer does not pay until night.10) The right of rescission in animal transaction (khīyār al-ḥayawān): When an animal is being sold, the buyer may terminate the transaction within three days.11) The right of rescission due to inability in delivering the commodity (khīyār ta‘adhur al-taslīm): If the seller is unable to deliver the commodity sold by him, the buyer may terminate the transaction.

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Issue No. 1306- Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha prayers are obligatory during the time of the Imam (as) and should be offered in congregation. However, in this time that the Holy Imam (as) is in occultation, these two prayers are mustaḥab, and may be offered individually as well as in congregation.

Issue No. 1299- Āyāt Prayer consists of two rak‘ats, with five rukū‘s in each. It can be offered in the following two ways:1- After making the intention, one utters takbīrat-ul-iḥrām (Allahu Akbar) and recites sūrah al-fātiḥa and the sūrah, and then performs rukū‘. Thereafter, he stands and recite sūrah al-fātiḥa and the sūrah again and then perform another rukū‘. He should repeat this action five times, and when he stands after the fifth rukū‘, he should go to sajdah, and after performing two sajdahs, should stand up to perform the second rak‘at in the same way as the first. Then he ends the prayer with tashahhud and salām.2- After making the intention, uttering takbīr and reciting sūrah al-fātiḥa one then divides the verses of the other sūrah into five parts, and recites one part and thereafter performs the rukū‘. He should then stand up and recite the second part of that sūrah (without reciting sūrah al-fātiḥa) and then perform another rukū‘. He should go on with this method and finish that sūrah before performing the fifth rukū‘. Then he goes to rukū‘. The second rak‘at should be done in the same way as the first rak‘at. For example, he may divide sūrah al-Ikhlas in the following manner:Before the first rukū‘, he should say “بِسْمِ اللهِ الرَّحْمنِ الرَّحِيمِ” and perform the first rukū‘. He should then stand up and say “قُلْ هُوَ اللهُ اَحَدٌ”, and perform the second rukū‘. He should then stand up and say “اَللهُ الصَّمَدُ”, and perform the third rukū‘. Thereafter he should stand up again and say “لَمْ يَلِدْ وَ لَمْ يُولَدْ”, and perform the fourth rukū‘. Then he should stand up again and say, “وَ لَمْ يَکُنْ لَهُ کُفُوَاً اَحَدٌ”, and perform the fifth rukū‘. Then he performs the two sajdahs and continues the second rak‘at in the same manner which he has performed the first and finally ends the prayer with tashahhud and salām.

Issue No. 1226- Congregational Prayer is one of the most important mustaḥab acts, and is one of the greatest Islamic sacraments. Great emphasis has been laid on it in the narrations. Offering prayer in congregation has been especially recommended for those who reside near a masjid or hear adhān being announced from it. One should therefore try to offer his prayer in congregation as much as he can. It has been stated in a narration that the reward for each rak‘at of congregational prayer is one hundred and fifty times as much as that of prayer offered individually. If two people follow the imam in congregation, each rak‘at of their prayer has the reward of 600 prayers. The more the number of the participants in a congregational prayer, the more will be the reward of their prayer. If the number of the participants exceeds ten persons, it has been narrated that if all the skies become paper, the water in the seas becomes ink, the trees become pens, and the angels, men, and Jinn become scribers, they will not be able to put in writing the rewards of one of its rak‘ats [1].

Issue No. 1267- The imam of a congregational prayer should be mature [1], sane, just (‘ādil), of legitimate birth, a Twelver Shi‘a and his recitation should be correct. Furthermore, if the follower is a male, the imam also should be a male. There is no problem in a woman leading congregational prayer for women; every human being, whether Muslim or non-Muslim is of legitimate birth, unless proven otherwise.